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Barbed-wire fence separating the Krakow ghetto from the rest of the city
<p>Deportation from the <a href="/narrative/3055">Krakow</a> ghetto at the time of the ghetto's liquidation. Krakow, Poland, March 1943.</p>
Deportation from Krakow
Isadore Frenkiel
Isadore Frenkiel
Rozia Susskind
Rozia Susskind
Hildegard (Hilda) Krakauerova Nitschkeova
Hildegard (Hilda) Krakauerova Nitschkeova
<p>The European rail network played a crucial role in the implementation of the <a href="/narrative/2816">Final Solution</a>. Jews from Germany and German-occupied Europe were deported by <a href="/narrative/5789">rail</a> to <a href="/narrative/2746">killing centers</a> in occupied Poland, where they were killed. The Germans attempted to disguise their intentions, referring to deportations as "resettlement to the east." The victims were told they were to be taken to labor camps, but in reality, from 1942 onward, deportation meant transit to killing centers for most Jews. <a href="/narrative/5041">Deportations</a> on this scale required the coordination of numerous German government ministries, including the Reich Security Main Office (RSHA), the Transport Ministry, and the Foreign Office. The RSHA coordinated and directed the deportations; the Transport Ministry organized train schedules; and the Foreign Office negotiated with German-allied states to hand over their Jews.</p>
European rail system, 1939
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The origin of the "Final Solution," the Nazi plan to exterminate the Jewish people, remains uncertain. What is clear is that the genocide of the Jews was the culmination of a decade of Nazi policy, under the rule of Adolf Hitler. The "Final Solution" was implemented in stages. After the Nazi Party rise to power, state-enforced racism resulted in anti-Jewish legislation, boycotts, "Aryanization," and finally the "Night of Broken Glass" pogrom, View This Term in the Glossary all of which aimed to remove the Jews from German society. After the beginning of World War II, anti-Jewish policy evolved into a comprehensive plan to concentrate and eventually annihilate European Jewry.
The Nazis established ghettos in occupied Poland. Polish and western European Jews were deported to these ghettos. During the German invasion of the Soviet Union in 1941, mobile killing squads (Einsatzgruppen) began killing entire Jewish communities. The methods used, mainly shooting or gas vans, were soon regarded as inefficient and as a psychological burden on the killers.
After the Wannsee Conference in January 1942, the Nazis began the systematic deportation of Jews from all over Europe to six extermination camps established in former Polish territory—Chelmno, Belzec, Sobibor, Treblinka, Auschwitz-Birkenau, and Majdanek. Extermination camps were killing centers designed to carry out genocide. About three million Jews were gassed in extermination camps.
In its entirety, the "Final Solution" View This Term in the Glossary consisted of gassings, shootings, random acts of terror, disease, and starvation that accounted for the deaths of about six million Jews—two-thirds of European Jewry.
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