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Explanation:
Métis are people of mixed European and Indigenous ancestry, and one of the three recognized Aboriginal peoples in Canada. The use of the term Métis is complex and contentious and has different historical and contemporary meanings. The term is used to describe communities of mixed European and Indigenous descent across Canada, and a specific community of people — defined as the Métis Nation — which originated largely in Western Canada and emerged as a political force in the 19th century, radiating outwards from the Red River Settlement. While the Canadian government politically marginalized the Métis after 1885, they have since been recognized as Aboriginal people with rights enshrined in the Constitution of Canada and more clearly defined in a series of Supreme Court of Canada decisions.
The use of the terms “Métis” and “métis” is complex and contentious. When capitalized, the term often describes people of the Métis Nation, who trace their origins to the Red River Valley and the prairies beyond. The Métis National Council (MNC), the political organization that represents the Métis Nation, defined “Metis” in 2002 as: “a person who self-identifies as Métis, is distinct from other Aboriginal Peoples, is of historic Métis Nation ancestry and who is accepted by the Métis Nation.”
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The Métis played a vital role in the success of the western fur trade. Not only were the Métis skilled buffalo hunters, but they were also raised to appreciate both Native and European cultures. Their understanding of both societies helped bridge cultural gaps, resulting in better trading relationships.
The Supreme Court of Canada decision in R. v. Powley [2003] 2 S.C.R. , affirmed Métis have an Aboriginal right to hunt for food as recognized under section 35 of the Constitution Act, 1982 .
formed a 'distinctive' collective social identity;
lived together in the same geographic area; and,
shared a common way of life.
When the Constitution was repatriated in 1982, First Nations, Inuit and Métis were recognized as Indigenous Peoples with rights under Canadian law.
The government preferred square lots, which limited access to river water. (See also: Dominion Lands Act.) Many Métis did not have clear title to their land. Ottawa intended to respect Métis occupancy rights, but it gave no assurances that this would be the case
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