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The modern era has seen an increase in global interdependence culturally, economically, and politically since 1920. The advent of technology has fueled interconnectedness of the world.
Totalitarianism in the Soviet Union
Joseph Stalin used the ideologies of communism and socialism to strengthen his totalitarian rule. Stalin became the leader of the Soviet Union in 1928 after having been the General Secretary of the Communist Party. After Vladimir Lenin’s death Stalin worked hard to win support from his fellow Communist Party members. He created a totalitarian state and made the country an industrial power. He censored all sources of information and used propaganda to maintain his power. He used his secret police to monitor everything said and written. Stalin terrorized and eliminated members of his Communist Party and anyone else whom he thought was a threat to his power..
As a totalitarian leader, Stalin implemented a government controlled economy. This economy focused on heavy industrialization and increased production dramatically. Unfortunately, there were shortages of consumer goods, such as food and clothing, which hurt the people of the Soviet Union. Stalin continued the policy of collectivization by having the government confiscate all farms and combined them into huge government-controlled farms to increase food production. Agricultural production increased by the late 1930s. Stalin improved the economy and education in the Soviet Union; however the people had no political rights.
Totalitarianism in Italy
People blamed democratic governments for the problems that existed after World War I and during the Great Depression. They were willing to try radical, political, and social experiments in the governing of their countries. Fascism was the political movement that emphasized an extreme form of nationalism and power to the state. Fascist governments were led by authoritarian leaders who denied people their individual rights and liberties.
Benito Mussolini was able to capitalize on the political and economic unrest in the country and gain power by founding the Fascist Party in 1919. He organized a group of supporters called the Black Shirts who started to attack communists and socialists. Mussolini promised to strengthen the economy and was soon able to gain the support of the middle class and industrialists by ending a general strike that paralyzed the country. He seized power in 1922 when his fellow Fascists marched to Rome and told King Emmanuel to make Mussolini the leader of the government. Mussolini was given the title of Il Duce (The Leader). He set up a fascist dictatorship and used secret police and censorship to maintain his power. Once his power was established, Mussolini was able to begin increasing the size of the military.
Why was it so easy for Mussolini to take control of Italy?
Totalitarianism in Germany
Nazism, which began in Germany, is an even more extreme version of Fascism. Germany was devastated by World War I and furious with the provisions of the Treaty of Versailles, especially the “War Guilt Clause.” The aftermath of the war, the high costs of war reparations (payments for war damages), and the loss of valuable territory hastened the Great Depression in Germany. This led to political dissatisfaction and the perfect opportunity for an authoritarian leader to step in by promising to restore Germany to its former glory. Adolf Hitler proved to be that leader. He created a fascist group called the National Social German Workers Party, or the Nazi Party.
The deepening of the Great Depression strengthened support for Hitler and the Nazi Party, which became the largest political party in Germany in 1932. Consequently, President Paul von Hindenburg appointed Hitler chancellor. Hitler gained control of the new government and created a totalitarian state. He established a secret police called the Gestapo, outlawed all other political parties, and imprisoned political opponents. He utilized censorship and propaganda, banned unions, and controlled the economy. Known as the Fuhrer, or leader, Hitler and his government focused on building factories and infrastructure. He ignored the stipulations of the Treaty of Versailles by militarizing Germany.
Totalitarianism in Japan
When the Great Depression occurred, Japan was a newly industrialized country still heavily dependent on its export earnings to finance its imports of essential raw materials and fuel. Military leaders suggested expansionism in East Asia as a solution to the shortage of resources and farmland. They wanted to address the economic trade problems while building on the nationalist feelings that had made the country a world power just prior to the turn of the century.
Military leaders like Hideki Tojo took control of the main operations of the government, the rise of a totalitarian state in Japan therefore took the form of military control.
