Answer:
1. The factors that led to the Second Industrial Revolution in the U.S. was transportation, communication, entrepreneurs, technology, labor, government, and natural resources.
2. North(east): The Northeast was at the center of industrialization during the First Industrial Revolution. It remained the leading industrial region in the Second Industrial Revolution. New York, Massachusetts, and Pennsylvania produced more than 85 percent of all U.S. industrial products in 1890. Almost 200,000 miles of railroad line connected cities in the Northeast by 1900. The growth of railroads created a number of supporting industries. Chief among these was the steel industry that was centered mainly in western Pennsylvania. The need for coal to fuel furnaces and iron ore as raw material led to the growth of the mining industry in the region. This rapid growth of a manufacturing economy created a need for workers. Cities in the Northeast became destinations for the immigrants that came to the United States. By 1870, about 15 percent of the U.S. population was foreign-born. About one in every five industrial workers was an immigrant. Most of these immigrants settled in the Northeast and the upper Midwest along the Great Lakes to Chicago. The growth of industry also highlighted the gap between rich and poor in this region perhaps more than any other. As a result, political views often clashed. Wealthy entrepreneurs wanted to increase profits. Workers wanted better wages and working conditions. Labor unions formed first in the Northeast. Miners and steelworkers were some of the first workers to use the strike as a bargaining tool against business owners.
Midwest: This large region experienced economic growth in both farming and manufacturing. The upper Midwest states along the Great Lakes—Ohio, Indiana, and Illinois—became centers of industry and a hub for shipping and transport. Cities grew rapidly, attracting large numbers of immigrants. Chicago, Illinois, became one of the nation's largest cities during this period. In 1860, the city's population was about 110,000. In 1890, more than one million people lived there. Like the Northeast, the Midwest had waves of immigrants come to its cities. The gap between rich and poor was a source of friction. Labor unions were active in cities. Social reform movements arose in Ohio and Illinois. In rural areas, farmers were also politically active. It was a region in which social and political campaigns took root.
South: After the Civil War, the South had to rebuild and develop a new economic structure. Most industry and rail transportation were destroyed during the Civil War. The war also ended slavery, which took away the South's main source of labor. By the 1880s, however, the South had begun to rebuild. Although it remained mostly agricultural, the South began developing its timber industry. Coal and iron deposits in the southern Appalachian Mountains gave rise to steel production in Birmingham, Alabama. The post-Civil War South continued to have problems related to race. Laws that allowed segregation and discrimination made it hard for Southern African Americans to enjoy the improved transportation of the Second Industrial Revolution. Many African Americans left the South to work in new factories in the North and Midwest. There they had a better chance of earning good wages and improving their economic and social standing.
West: The completion of the Transcontinental Railroad in 1869 linked the coasts of United States. Railways transported natural resources like timber and gold from the West to the East. Immigrants from China arrived in the West looking for jobs on the expanding railroads. Their willingness to work for lower wages and the cultural differences between them and the white settlers led to friction. They faced problems, including riots and discriminatory laws. The inventions of the period that made agriculture more efficient in the Midwest also encouraged settlers to obtain land in the West. However, the sparse population of the West did not support much industrial growth, and the economy continued to be based on natural resources. Review the map for a closer look at the railroads of the time period. You should see that although there are several connecting the East and West, the majority of railroads are still in the eastern half of the country.
Explanation:
The factors that led to the Second Industrial Revolution in the United States include new sources of power, abundant labor supply, etc.
The Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest as there were changes in population, transportation, and the economy.
The Second Industrial Revolution occurred between 1870 and 1914. The Revolution brought about advances in technology and the construction of more factories. There was also advancement in agriculture, and transportation.
The Second Industrial Revolution was a result of abundant labor supply, natural resources, inventions, strong government policies, and new sources of power. Another factor was also due to the immigration of people who came from other countries. This led to a greater standard of living.
The Second Industrial Revolution affected the North, South, West, and Midwest as there were changes in population, transportation, and the economy. There were railroads that connected cities and different regions. The railroads also improved trade as they were used to transport natural resources.
In all the regions, the invention of electricity allowed factories to stay longer and this led to an increase in productivity. Also, the Midwest experienced an improvement in agriculture and the manufacturing sector.
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