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4. Race
Racial structural inequality has its roots in U.S. slavery. That system legally allowed Black Americans to be treated as non-human property. Even though slavery was outlawed in 1865, Jim Crow laws enforced segregation in the south until 1964.

The racial housing gap still exists. Data from the 2010 Census confirmed that the racial disparity in neighborhoods persists. A 2010 study found that non-white families with incomes above $75,000 are more likely to live in poor communities than white families with incomes below $40,000. Poor neighborhoods are less safe, and the schools are of a lower quality than those in affluent areas.

As a result, black people in upper-income families are more likely to lose their status than white people. White children whose parents are in the top fifth of the income distribution have a 41.1% chance of staying there as adults, but for black children, it’s only 18%.