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Sagot :
The phenotype is determined by the environment and the genotype. When a pressure acts on a population, a mutation might emerge as a response. If it is beneficial, Natural Selection fixates it, leading to adaptation.
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What we need to do is to fill in the blancks of each of the sentences by using the following words or terms, and the bar graph in the attached files:
- produced by new mutations
- longer
- shorter
- already present
- increased
- adaptation
- natural selection
- gene flow
- decreased
1. From 1984 to 2012, the wing length of cliff swallows in the general population generally decreased .
Let us consider only the maroon bars which correspond to the general population.
- In 1984 the average length of wings was 110.5 mm approximately.
- In 2012 the wings length was 107 mm approximately.
Data suggest that over the years, the length of wings expressed by the population decreased.
2. During the same time period, the wing length of cliff swallows killed on the roads generally increased .
Using the same reasoning as before, and comparing only blue bars, we can see that,
- In 1984 the average length of wings was 108 mm.
- In 2012 the wings length was 113 mm approximately.
Data suggest that over the years, the length of wings expressed by the animals dead on the road increased from 108 to 113 mm.
3. In most years where data was collected, the wings of cliff swallows killed on the roads were longer than the wings of swallows found in the population at large.
Now we can compare maroon and blue bars through the years.
We can see that from 1992 to 2012, animals killed on the road had longer wings than the general population.
4. Shorter wings allow cliff swallows to take off from the ground more vertically, enabling them to better avoid oncoming cars. As a result, cliff swallows in populations near highways with shorter wings have a survival advantage.
As we can see through the years, the general population changed its wings length to shorter ones.
And since 1992 we can see that only animals with the longest wings die, while animals with shorter wings got to survive.
This result suggests that having short wings is an advantage that can be explained by the ability to take off from the ground vertically.
5. The data suggest that, over time, natural selection resulted in the evolution of shorter wings in the cliff swallow population.
The phenotype of individuals and the environment where they live, interact and determines the genes´ destiny in space and time. The result of this interaction and the gene destiny is Natural Selection.
Natural selection selects beneficial alleles and increases their frequency in the population.
Natural selection is an evolutive force that results in adaptation, which means the increase of the aptitude phenotype.
Aptitude (or fitness) is the phenotype that results in the survival, fertility, and capability of having a mate. It is a way of measuring the individual ability to leave fertile offspring.
6. Shorter wings are a(n) adaptation in this population. Alleles for shorter wings were produced by new mutations in the general population.
A mutation is a change in DNI that introduces new variants.
Many of these are eliminated, but some of them might succeed and be incorporated into each individual.
These mutations are the ones that have been selected by natural selection.
Mutations depend on each group's environment and its ecological pressures, and they accumulate in time. They are inherited to the followings generation and get to spread.
In many cases adaptations, resulting from natural selection can be correlated to environmental factors or selective pressures applied by other organisms or habitat.
So, in the exposed example,
• The selective pressure or modeling environmental factor are the cars killing the swallows
• The swallow's response to the pressure is shorten the length of their wings
• Natural selection benefits the new mutation.
• Short-winged swallows survive and the trait spreads.
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