Answered

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1. Compare and Contrast How were the Spanish colonists’ relationships with
the Apaches different from their relationships with the Pueblo as they settled
the American Southwest in the early 1800s?



2. Analyze Sequence How did the Apaches adapt to the changing culture of
the West in the late 1700s and early 1800s? Give three examples.



3. Identify Cause and Effect Why were New Mexico and California settled
before Texas?



4. Draw Inferences Why did the Spanish choose to settle in New Mexico and
California during the late 1700s?



America Looks to the West: Text
5. Analyze Style and Rhetoric What aspects of Manifest Destiny do you think
were appealing to John O’Sullivan’s audience? Explain.



6. Draw Conclusions What were the disadvantages of living in California in
the early 1800s?



7. Analyze Interactions of Individuals and Ideas Explain how the Mountain
Men were important to the process of settling the West.



Settling New Lands in the West: Text
8. Categorize The Oregon Trail was full of difficulties and opportunities. Use
the graphic organizer below to list what awaited settlers during this journey.



9. Compare and Contrast How were the goals of the Mormons and the
travelers of the Oregon Trail different? How were they similar?



10. Draw Conclusions Choose one of the following groups: Mountain Men,
Mormons, Apaches, Mexican immigrants, Donner Party. Do you think someone from this group would agree with the goal of Manifest Destiny?
Why or why not?

Sagot :

In the European race to colonial dominance, the Treaty of Tordesillas legitimized Spain’s holdings in the New World, indicating Spanish primacy over Portugal.

The successes of Columbus ushered in an era of Spanish conquest that led numerous other European explorers to attempt similar colonization projects.

Spain gained immense wealth from this expansionism, which translated into an influx of Spanish art and cultural capital.

Treaty of Tordesillas

Columbus’s colonization of the Atlantic islands inaugurated an era of aggressive Spanish expansion across the Atlantic. Spanish colonization after Columbus accelerated the rivalry between Spain and Portugal to an unprecedented level. The two powers vied for domination through the acquisition of new lands.

In the 1480s, Pope Sixtus IV had granted Portugal the right to all land south of the Cape Verde islands, leading the Portuguese king to claim that the lands discovered by Columbus belonged to Portugal, not Spain. But in 1493, Spanish-born Pope Alexander VI issued two papal decrees giving legitimacy to Spain’s Atlantic claims over the claims of Portugal. Hoping to salvage Portugal’s holdings, King João II negotiated a treaty with Spain. The Treaty of Tordesillas in 1494 drew a north-to-south line through South America. Spain gained territory west of the line, while Portugal retained the lands east of the line, including the east coast of Brazil.

Map of the land division determined by the Treaty of Tordesillas. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Conquistadores and Spanish colonization

Columbus’s discovery opened a floodgate of Spanish exploration. Inspired by tales of rivers of gold and timid, malleable native peoples, later Spanish explorers were relentless in their quest for land and gold. Spanish explorers with hopes of conquest in the New World were known as conquistadores. Hernán Cortés arrived on Hispaniola in 1504 and participated in the conquest of the Island. Cortés then led the exploration of the Yucatán Peninsula in hopes of attaining glory.

In 1519, Cortés entered Tenochtitlán, the capital of the Aztec/Mexica Empire. He and his men were astonished by the sophisticated gardens and temples in the city, but they were horrified by the practice of human sacrifice. Above all, the Aztec wealth in gold fascinated the Spanish explorers.

Hoping to gain power over the city, Cortés took Moctezuma, the Aztec ruler, hostage. The Spanish then murdered hundreds of high-ranking Mexica during a religious festival, but the people of Tenochtitlán quickly retaliated. Cortés and his people fled for their lives.

Aztec ruler Moctezuma. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons

Following his defeat, Cortés slowly created alliances and recruited tens of thousands of native peoples who resented Aztec rule. Only by playing upon the disunity among the diverse groups in the Aztec Empire were the Spanish able to capture Tenochtitlán. In August 1521, Cortés claimed Tenochtitlán for Spain and renamed it Mexico City. The Spanish also brought smallpox, which took a heavy toll on the people in Tenochtitlán. Illness played a much greater role in the city’s downfall than violence.

Cortés was also aided by a Nahua woman calpen descent. Malintzin remains a controversial figure in the history of the  Cortés conquer the Aztecs, while others see her as a victim of European expansion. Regardless, without Malintzin’s help, Cortés would not have been able to dismantle the Aztec Empire.translating for Cortez and Aztes. Image credit: Wikimedia Commons1, the explorers queen would stand in the scene

 

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