Cell respiration involves different steps, among which there is the oxidative phosphorilation that produces and stores ATP. The answer is the electron transporter chain.
The electron transporter chain + chemiosmosis constitute the process of oxidative phosphorylation.
Chemiosmosis refers to ATP production through a proton gradient.
The electron transporter chain is a series of molecules and proteins located in the internal mitochondrial membrane.
It constitutes a series of enzymatic reactions to release and save energy for the correct functioning of the organism.
Along the chain, there are four proteinic complexes in the membrane, I, II, III, and IV, that contain the electrons transporters and the enzymes necessary to catalyze the electrons' transference from one complex to the other.
Different redox reactions occur to pass electrons along the chain.
Released energy creates a proton concentration gradient used to synthesize ATP.
1) NADH provides electrons to the first complex, Complex I. From there, electrons go to the coenzyme Q that carries them to complex II. Meanwhile, complex I pomp four protons to the intermembrane space.
2) Complex II receives electrons from CoQ and also receives electrons from FADH2. Electrons are sent from complex II to ubiquinone Q, which carries these electrons to complex III.
3) Complex III receives electrons from ubiquinone Q and pomps protons to the intermembrane space. Electrons are transferred to Cytochrome c.
Electrons travel from cytochrome c to complex IV.
4) Complex IV is the last complex that pomps protons to the intermembrane space.
5) Electrons are sent to O₂ molecules, which also receive protons in the matrix to create water molecules. Four electrons are needed to produce two water molecules from one O₂ molecule.
The proton gradient is used to produce ATP molecules.
In conclusion, the set of proteins in the cristae of the mitochondrion, which collectively extract the energy from reduced coenzymes to form atp, are called the electron transporter chain.
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