Answer:
3.James Watson, Francis Crick, Maurice Wilkins, and Rosalind Franklin. These four scientists—Watson, Crick, Franklin, and Wilkins—codiscovered the double-helix structure of DNA, which formed the basis for modern biotechnology.
4.
Watson and Crick contributed the first model of the 3d structure of DNA that was correct in its essential features. The 3d structure of a biological molecule is important because it can explain how it carries out its function. DNA was known to be a very important biological molecule, because it had been established as the primary constituent of the genetic material that is inherited from parent to child. The Watson and Crick model suggested how the genetic material carried out its function.
The most important feature of the model was the suggestion of base-pairing via hydrogen bonds between Adenine and Thymine on one hand, and Cytosine and Guanine on the other hand. This base pairing scheme suggested how DNA may copy itself - an essential requirement of the genetic material.
Critically, their model wasn't just a speculative clever idea. It also accounted for known data. Among this was Erwin Chargaff's base ratios, Rosalind Franklin's X-ray data, and known facts of chemical bonding. This made it plausible.
The Watson and Crick DNA model offered a solution, at least in outline, to one of the deepest mysteries of biology - how does the genetic material achieve inheritance at the molecular level. It also opened up a possible line of attack to another deep mystery - how the genetic material determine the traits of organisms by specifying the synthesis of proteins, also known as the coding problem.
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Rosalind Franklin discovered the density of DNA and, more importantly, established that the molecule existed in a helical conformation. Her work to make clearer X-ray patterns of DNA molecules laid the foundation for James Watson and Francis Crick's suggestion that DNA is a double-helix polymer in 1953.
