1. The following Europe leaders deserved their complimentary names as explained below:
Charles Martel (Charles the Hammer) was so-named because of the merciless manner he tackled his enemies during the Battle of Tours, in October of 732. Charles Martel defeated the Islamic Umay.ad Empire, saving Europe from Islamic domination.
Charlemagne succeeded his father, Charles Martel, being crowned Charlemagne the Emperor of Rome in 800 by Pope Leo III. In this position, he executed a cultural and intellectual revival known as the Carolingian Renaissance.
Louis the Pious religiously maintained the unity of the Carolingian Empire after his father's reign. He remained the dutiful son and Emperor-successor of Charlemagne.
Otto the Great consolidated his father's (Charlemagne) Frankish empire, ensuring the existence of the Holy Roman Empire in the east just as his brother Louis the Pious did in the west.
Thus, the above-mentioned leaders were acorns in their time and during their reign they were beloved and deserved their complimentary names.
2. The Asians and some African empires also practiced some form of Feudalism. However, their similarities to the European model were limited to a lord reigning over some subjects, but not in the details.
Feudalism is a political organization where the king holds sway with his nobles, while at the tail end of the spectrum are the peasants, who cultivate the king's land. It was the system of government practiced in Medieval Europe.
3. A Guild is an association of craftsmen and merchants who pool resources together to protect their common interests.
In the Medieval period, a guild as an association of craftsmen or merchants often exercised considerable power. Two forms of guilds were formed then. They included merchant guilds and craft guilds.
Currently, there are labor unions and workers associations that function like a Guild today.
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