The statement that "the responses of China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan to European powers in the nineteenth century were caused by pressures from within each of those societies" is correct to a large extent, with the evidence that supports the statement provided below:
1. The Chinese people and leaders did not welcome Western powers as they were afraid of the cultural upheaval that the European powers could inflict on the Chinese culture.
Based on this biased position, China could not sign any favorable treaties with European powers.
2. For the Ottoman Empire, it was more interested in maintaining the religion of Islam and its political strangleholds in the empire than embracing modern socioeconomic innovations that the Western powers foisted on it.
Islam provided the primary catalyst for the Ottoman Empire's continued resistance to European inroads until it was dismantled after World War I.
3. On the other hand, the Japanese leadership, through the Meji Restoration, tried to catch up, and when necessary, overtake the Europeans. It decided to embrace and open its economy to trade with the West and made developmental inroads that modernized the Japanese society of today.
European imperialism is the direct extension of state power and dominion through territorial acquisition or political and economic control and influence of other geographical territories and peoples.
Thus, the evidence that supports the statement that "the responses of China, the Ottoman Empire, and Japan to European powers were caused by internal pressures" has been provided.
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