Through the glycolysis process, the glucose molecule turns into pyruvate. The correct order of structures is Glucose/Fructose-1,6-biphosphate/Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate/1,3-diphosphate glycerate/Pyruvate.
Glycolysis is the process through which the cell partially decomposes glucose and turns it into pyruvate.
It is about a series of enzymatic reactions that take place in the cytosol and do need no oxygen to occur. So it occurs in aerobic and anaerobic respiration.
It can be divided into two phases:
To sum up, glycolysis transforms one glucose molecule (6-C) into two pyruvate molecules (3-C), four ATP, and two NADH. Since it also consumes two ATP molecules, the net product is two ATP.
Steps
1) Glucose phosphorylation by hexokinase. A phosphate group is driven from ATP to glucose, turning it into glucose-6-phosphate -G6P-
Glucose + ATP ⇔ Glucose-6-phosphate + ADP
2) Glucose-6-phosphate isomerization. The enzyme glucose-6-phosphate isomerase turns glucose-6-phosphate into fructose-6-phosphate
Glucose-6-phosphate ⇔ fructose-6-phosphate
3) Fructose-6-phosphate turns into Fructose-1,6-biphosphate. The enzyme phosphofructokinase-1 phosphorylates Fructose-6-phosphate, providing a phosphate group from ATP to the Fructose-6-phosphate molecule.
Fructose-6-phosphate + ATP ⇒ Fructose-1,6-biphosphate + ADP
4) Aldolase enzyme divides Fructose-1,6-biphosphate into phosphate dihydroxyacetone (3-C molecule) and 3-phosphate glyceraldehyde (3-C molecule).
Fructose-1,6-biphosphate ⇔ phosphate dihydroxiacetone + 3-phosphate glyceraldehide
5) Phosphate dihydroxyacetone Isomerization into glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate -G3P- by triose phosphate isomerase.
phosphate dihydroxyacetone ⇒ glyceraldehyde 3 phosphate
6) Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate oxydation by G-3-P dehydrogenase (GAPDH or GAP). The enzyme adds a phosphate into C-1 of the molecule, turning it into 1,3-diphosphate glycerate. To do it, the enzyme reduces an NAD+ group and turns it into NADH and an H ion.
gliceraldehide 3 phosphate + NAD⁺ + P ⇒ 1,3-diphospho glycerate + NADPH + H⁺
7) 1,3-diphosphate glycerate loses a phosphate group and turns into 3-phosphoglycerate.
1,3-diphospho glycerate + ADP ⇒ 3-phosphoglycerate + ATP
8) 3-phosphoglycerate isomerization, turning it into 2-phosphoglycerate by phosphoglycerate mutase.
3-phosphoglycerate ⇒ 2-phosphoglycerate
9) Phosphoenolpyruvate production. A double bond is formed at carbon 2 where the phosphate group was attached. A water molecule is released (hydrogen of carbon 2 and the OH- group of carbon 3) from the 2-phosphoglycerate.
2-phosphoglycerate ⇒ Phosphoenolpyruvate + H₂O
10) Pyruvate dephosphorylation and ATP formation by pyruvate kinase.
Phosphoenolpyruvate + ADP ⇒ Pyruvate + ATP
The correct order of structures is:
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The correct order of the structures from the start of glycolysis to the end of glycolysis is Glucose → Fructose-1,6-biphosphate → Glyceraldehyde 3-phosphate → 1,3-diphosphate glycerate → Pyruvate.
Glycolysis may be defined as a process in which one molecule of glucose is partially oxidized into the two molecules of pyruvate in a series of 10 enzyme-catalyzed reactions.
The first phase of glycolysis converts a 6-carbon molecule to two 3-carbon molecules with the help of ATP. The second phase is the payoff phase where a 3-carbon molecule may transform into the same carbon molecule known as Pyruvate with the release of energy.
Therefore, it is well described above.
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