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Social bonds helped ensure humans' survival.
(Courtesy of Karen Carr Studio)
Sharing food, caring for infants, and building social networks helped our ancestors meet the daily challenges of their environments.
Over time, early humans began to gather at hearths and shelters to eat and socialize. As brains became larger and more complex, growing up took longer—requiring more parental care and the protective environment of a home. Expanding social networks led, eventually, to the complex social lives of modern humans.
Sharing resources
Beginning 2.6–1.8 million years ago
Some groups of early humans began collecting tools and food from a variety of places and bringing them to favored resting and eating spots. Sharing vital resources with other members of the group led to stronger social bonds and enhanced the group’s chances of survival.
Evidence from Kanjera, Kenya
About 2 million years ago, early humans transported stone up to 12 km (7 mi) to a site at Kanjera, Kenya. There they made stone tools for butchering animals. Smithsonian scientists, working at Kanjera with colleagues from Kenya and the United States, have excavated stone tools and butchered animal bones.
How Do We Know Tools Were Transported?
Different rock types have different chemical compositions. Stone tools excavated from Kanjera chemically match rocks found at natural sources up to 12 km (7 mi) away. Early humans carried the tools from these distant places, probably stopping and using them along the way.
Burned flint, Gesher Benot Ya'aquov, Israel.
Burned flint from the 790,000 year old site of Gesher Benot Ya'aquov, Israel.
(Chip Clark, Smithsonian Institution)
Gathering at the hearth
Beginning 800,000 years ago
During this time period, at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov in Israel, early humans gathered around campfires that they made and controlled. Why did they come together at these early hearths? -Perhaps to socialize, to find comfort and warmth, to share food and information, and to find safety from predators.
A close look at the tiny pieces of flint in this photograph reveals that the flint has been deformed by fire—evidence of fire-making at Gesher Benot Ya’aqov 790,000 years ago.
How Do We Know These Were Hearths?
Scientists found debris from stone tool-making that had been scorched by fire at Gesher Benot-Ya’aqov. Close by were concentrations of burned seeds and wood, marking the location of early hearths. More than a dozen hearths, dating back 790,000 years, have been found at the excavation site.
More time to grow
Beginning 500,000–160,000 years ago
By this time, early humans had evolved much larger brains. Infants were born with small brains, enabling the head to pass through the birth
and energy to caring for the young.
Explanation:
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