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Explanation:SchneidIThe convergence of revolutionary liberal and conservative nationalist ideas was a defining characteristic of the age of the Risorgimento. From the time of the revolutions of 1820–21, revolutionary sentiments found among the Carbonari and Federati received critical backing from the armed forces of restored Italian states. Revolutionaries demanding a con-stitution in the kingdoms of Naples and Piedmont-Sardinia gained enor-mous support, and achieved initial success with the backing of a significant part of the armies of the two states. Veterans of the Napoleonic Wars—who had remained in service after 1815 when the dynastic rulers of the respective kingdoms regained their thrones—comprised much of the rank-and-file of the armies as well as their officers. The monarchs retained their military institutions essentially intact, and had purged few officers and men. Thus, when disturbances erupted in Naples in 1820, King Ferdinand IV found his authority challenged not only by civil unrest in his capital, but was confronted by a good portion of his army, which had defected to the side of the opposition under General Guglielmo Pepe. The monarch reluctantly accepted a constitution, and then fled to Vienna.The success of the Neapolitan revolution encouraged other rebellions throughout the Italian peninsula. In the Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia revolutionaries backed by eight infantry regiments demanded that King Victor Emanuel II accept a constitution. He nonetheless refused, and abdicated in favor of his brother, Charles Felix.1 The new monarch how-ever, was in Modena at the time so that Charles Albert became regent. Charles Albert granted a constitution, but acted without the permission of the new king. Forces loyal to Charles Felix joined with an Austrian army, which had been dispatched from Lombardy-Venetia, and quickly cru
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