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1. Nucleotides: A phosphate group, a 5-carbon sugar, and a nitrogenous base are the three components of a nucleotide. Adenine, cytosine, guanine, and thymine are the four nitrogenous bases in DNA. Instead of thymine, uracil is found in RNA. The genetic material of all known living creatures is made up of nucleotides in a chain.
2. Genes: A gene is a small segment of a lengthy DNA double helix molecule that consists of a linear base pair sequence. A gene is any portion of DNA that contains instructions that allow a cell to generate a specific product – usually a protein, such as an enzyme – that performs a single specified action.
3. A locus (plural loci) is a stable location on a chromosome where a certain gene or genetic marker can be found.
4. At a genomic region, an allele is one of two or more variations of DNA sequence (a single base or a segment of nucleotides).
5. Chromosomes are thread-like structures found within the nucleus of both animal and plant cells. Protein and a single molecule of deoxyribonucleic acid make up each chromosome (DNA). DNA is passed along from parents to children and carries the precise instructions that distinguish each living thing.
6. Karyotype: A karyotype is a individual's entire set of chromosomes. A laboratory-produced representation of a person's chromosomes extracted from an individual cell and arranged in numerical order is also known as a chromosomal map. A karyotype can be used to check for chromosomal number or structural problems.
8. Genotype: An organism's genotype is its genetic makeup. From embryonic development to adulthood, the genotype determines an individual's inherited potentials and limitations. In se×ually reproducing organisms, a person's genotype is made up of the whole set of genes acquired from both parents.
9. Phenotype: Physical traits are described by phenotypes. It encompasses both apparent (such as hair or eye color) and measured characteristics (like height or weight). Characteristics relevant to your development and behavior, such as personality traits, are also referred to as phenotypes.
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