tend to suffer economic damage as a result; broad benefits or costs
There is little evidence that countries with high union membership tend to suffer economic damage as a result, and also very little evidence that the reduction in U.S. union membership over time has brought broad benefits or costs for the U.S. economy as a whole.
Why did union membership decrease?
Increased management opposition to union organizing, driven by profit-related variables such as an increase in the union wage premium, more international competition, and government deregulation policies, is the primary cause of the drop in US private-sector unionization.
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