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Lyophilization
What is Lyophilization?
Freeze drying, often referred to as lyophilization or cryodesiccation, is a method of low temperature dehydration that entails freezing the product, releasing pressure, and then sublimating the ice. In Lyophilization it contrasts with dehydration caused by the majority of traditional methods, which use heat to evaporate water.
Stages of Lyophilization:
- Pretreatment includes any method of treating the product prior to freezing. This may include concentrating the product, formulation revision (i.e., addition of components to increase stability, preserve appearance, and/or improve processing), decreasing a high-vapor-pressure solvent, or increasing the surface area.
- Freezing and annealing during the freezing stage, the material is cooled below its triple point, the temperature at which the solid, liquid, and gas phases of the material can coexist. The product needs to be frozen gradually to form larger crystals, or it can undergo annealing, which involves cycling the temperature up and down.
- Primary Drying Lowering the pressure (to a few millibars or less) and providing adequate heat to the substance causes the ice to sublimate during the primary drying phase.
- The secondary drying phase aims to remove unfrozen water molecules, since the ice was removed in the primary drying phase. This part of the freeze-drying process is governed by the material's adsorption isotherms.
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