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How does ion exchange work? Why does it remove calcium ions (ca2+ ) and magnesium ions (mg2+ ) from hard water?

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By exchanging them with sodium (or potassium) ions, cation exchange water softeners eliminate the calcium and magnesium ions present in hard water.

Ion exchange in water:

Ion exchange is the reversible exchange of ions, or charged particles, with other ions that have a similar charge. This happens when ions with a comparable charge that are present in the surrounding solution effectively switch places with ions that are located on an insoluble IX resin matrix.

The ion exchange procedure eliminates the water's enduring hardness. Hardness is eliminated in this technique through the use of resins. Cl- and anion exchange resin are used to exchange Ca++/Mg++ ions and SO4-2 ions (RNH2OH). The ion exchange procedure totally removes all of the total dissolved solids.

In ion exchange, calcium and magnesium, which are hardness ions, are removed and replaced with non-hardness ions, usually sodium, which is provided by dissolved sodium chloride salt, or brine.

Learn more about ion exchange here:

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