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The term sterilization refers to the process of destroying or removing all viable microorganisms including even the hardiest structures, such as endospores.
Sterilization can be achieved through physical methods such as heat, radiation, filtration, chemical methods which use liquid and gaseous sterilizing agents or by combination of both.
Heat Method is the most common method of sterilization in which heat is used to kill the microbes. Wet Heat or Steam Sterilization is carried out in autoclaves which use steam heated to 121–134 °C under pressure, whereas, dry heat sterilization exposes the specimen containing microbes to high temperatures either by flaming, incineration or a hot air oven.
Filtration deploys use of filters with a pore size that is too minute for the microbes to pass through.
Radiation sterilization involves exposing the contaminated specimen to radiation like UV, X-rays or gamma rays for sterilization.
The commonly used gases in chemical methods of sterilization include a mixture of ethylene oxide and carbon-dioxide.
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