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Sagot :
Answer: Everything can dissolve in water because water is considered a universal solvent
Explanation: Liquid water is cooler than solid salt and sugar, allowing them to dissolve easily.
Polarity is a continuum rather than a set of distinct values. Based on variations in electronegativity, we "define" polarity. However, the numbers we used to define the terms are arbitrary, and under certain conditions, polar or non-polar bonds may act ionically or polarly.
For instance, the difference in electronegativity between oxygen and hydrogen qualifies it as a polar covalent bond. However, organic acids are acids, and by those oversimplified criteria, the hydrogen ion should only be able to leave the oxygen with a negative charge in solution if it were ionic.
Furthermore, the amino acid cysteine has an S-H bond that, according to the oversimplified rules, should only be able to form a disulfide link with another cysteine if it were polar. However, it behaves as though it is polar and can react with another cysteine at a different location in the polypeptide chain.
Water therefore possesses the H-O-H bond, each of which has a 1.35 electronegativity difference. That is strongly polar and covalent yet not ionic, according to the arbitrary norms. The ionic molecule NaCl would not dissolve if those arbitrary conditions were always true. However, because an ionic compound may generate a greater charge separation in a polar molecule and in water, ionic compounds, polar compounds, and even non-polar chemicals like oxygen and nitrogen gases can all be soluble. This phenomenon is known as an induced dipole.
Just so you know, some texts state that any electronegativity difference below 0.4 is non-polar, while others state that it must be less than, equal to, or less than 0.5. The essential point is that it's a continuum, and we have formed various categories even though there is no clear reason for the values that were chosen. Therefore, it is completely arbitrary.
Therefore, you have really identified a weakness in the arbitrary oversimplification. And congratulations for finding it, too. However, be aware that your professors may occasionally need to provide you with simplified material in low level chemistry and other scientific classes since providing all the specifics at once might make it too much to grasp.
I wish you continued success in your pursuit of scientific knowledge. It gives you the opportunity to comprehend how the world around you functions and is an eternally intriguing field of study.
Thank you,
Eddie
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