Howard Zinn, author of A People’s History of the United States, has written that “to emphasize the heroism of Columbus and his successors as navigators and discoverers, and to deemphasize their genocide, is not a technical necessity but an ideological choice. It serves—unwittingly—to justify what was done.” Which of the following perspectives supports Zinn’s contention that the Spaniards committed genocide in their colonization of the Americas?