Which descriptions of how the Renaissance spread beyond Italy are correct?

Writers such as Machiavelli and Castiglione traveled to northern Europe to lecture at universities there.

Pilgrims on their way to the Holy Land stopped in Italy, where they saw Renaissance art and learned about Renaissance ideas.

Scholars traveled from monastery to monastery carrying Italian ideas and books with them.

Merchants traveled around Europe and sold copies of classical Greek and Latin books as well as Machiavelli's, The Prince.​