Discorvery of electron and it's charge:
In the experiment there is glass tube attached to a vaccum pump containing low pressure gas. There are two metallic strips at the each end of tube and they are connected to a high voltage battery.
The metalic strip connected to the negative terminal of battery is called cathode whereas the metalic strip connected to the positive terminal of battery is called anode.
When voltage was increased a flow of current was observed near the anode & a continuous current was indicated on the ammeter.
Scientists assumed that there is something which is flowing in the tube which is source of current. To detect the substance which is flowing they made a hole in cathode and coated its background with fluorescent material & experiment was repeated again but fluorescent material didn't glow. Now this procedure was done again but this time the hole on cathode was covered and a new hole in anode was made and it's background was coated with fluorescent material. The experiment was performed again and this time the fluorescent material started glowing. Hence, it was determined that substance is flowing from cathode to anode and they called it Cathode Ray. In future this cathode ray was named Electron.
Now to determine the charge of this cathode ray they applied certain external field i.e. electric field and magnetic field. And it was observed that cathode ray was deflected towards the positive terminal of magnetic and electric field & then the conclusion i.e. electrons are negatively charged was determined.
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