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For each of the arguments below, state whether it is an example of deductive or inductive argument and the characteristics of each of the arguments (ie. whether it is valid, sound, strong or cogent.)

a. If the traffic is still heavy at that moment, we will not go to the cinema this evening at 4.00pm. It is 4.00pm now and the traffic is still heavy, therefore we will not go to the cinema.

b. In the 100m competition, the existing record can only be broken by either RunnerA or RunnerB. RunnerA and RunnerB did not win the race, thus the record was not broken.

c. November has always been the wettest month in US from 2000 to 2021, except for 2016 and 2018 where unexpectedly January and March were respectively the wettest. Therefore, it is logical to assume that November 2022 will also be the wettest month for the year 2022.

d. All tigers are protected species as defined by WWF. The US tiger and the West African lion are tigers. Therefore the US tiger and West African lion are protected species.​