In some insects such as drosophila, fungal cell wall elements can activate the protein toll which acts as a receptor such that when it is activated, signals synthesis of antimicrobial peptides takes place.
Drosophila Toll receptors are involved in the development of an embryo and the immune response of adult flies. In both the processes, the only known Toll receptor ligand is the human nerve growth factor-like cystine knot protein .
Total nine Toll receptors are encoded in the Drosophila genome including Toll pathway receptor. The induction of the Toll pathway by gram-positive bacteria or fungi leads to the activation of cellular immunity and also the systemic production of antimicrobial peptides.
Toll-like receptors (TLRs) are the key mediators of inflammatory pathways in the gut which plays a major role in mediating the immune responses towards a wide variety of pathogen-derived ligands . They also link adaptive immunity with the innate immunity.
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