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Sagot :
The correct option is e. all of these. Lichens are an example of producers, a pioneer community and symbiotic community and a community with low trophic level.
How important are lichens?
A symbiotic combination of fungi and cyanobacteria or algae forms lichens. For the cyanobacteria or algae, the fungi provide a wet, protected environment, and in return, they get food from the algae or cyanobacteria. As early stage primary succession organisms, lichens are significant.
Why is lichen considered a pioneer species?
Lichens are pioneer species because they can grow on surfaces with very few nutrients and can tolerate extremely high and low temperatures. The Devonian is when lichens were first discovered.
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