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7. In 1968, Atkinson and Shiffrin proposed a theory about how different systems function in our memory. According to their theory, there is a distinction between short-term memory, in which information is held for no more than about 18 seconds, and long-term memory, in which information can be held for much longer. The theory is supported by studies in which subjects hear a list of 20 random words presented at about one second per word, and at the end of the list subjects write down as many words as they can remember. In this task, subjects tend to have better memory for the first few and last few words on the list compared to the words in the middle. Atkinson and Shiffrin propose that we mentally rehearse words as they are read to us. For words at the beginning of the list, we have more time to rehearse the words, and so they have a better chance of being encoded into long-term memory than the words in the middle of the list. This superior recall of words at the beginning of the list is known as the primacy effect. The words at the end of the list are proposed to be in short-term memory at the time the subjects begin to write them down. If they are currently in short-term memory, then they can be recalled without needing to retrieve them from long-term memory. This result is called the recency effect. It explains why words at the end of the list are also better recalled than the words in the middle. The two different explanations for the primacy and recency effects are seen as part of the evidence demonstrating that long-term and short-term memory are different memory systems.



In a different study, Glanzer and Cunitz (1966) read subjects lists of words in the same manner as described above, then made them count for 30 seconds before they were allowed to recall the words. What effect would this have on the recency and primacy effects?


a. It would make the recency effect disappear but would not influence the primacy effect.

b. It would make the primacy effect disappear but would not influence the recency effect.

c. It would decrease memory about equally for all words on the list.

d.it would not have a noticeable effect on memory for the words on the list.

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