Throughout the late eighteenth century and the early nineteenth century, most parts of Europe had a monarch who claimed to have the right to rule from God. The monarch's accepted legitimacy led to peace and stability. However, liberal philosophers questioned a monarch's right to rule because they believed that individuals should determine government leadership through practices such as popular sovereignty.
During the 19th century, Europe dominated the world. The Industrial Revolution drove everything forward quickly—empires grew, colonies grew. Colonies supplied the luxury goods and raw materials needed to satisfy growing consumer demand in exchange for large markets for European goods. Injustice and abuse were justified as vital components of "civilising" primitive peoples. New manifestations of racism and prejudice emerged after slavery's eventual abolition.
By 1914, nearly 30% of the world's population was dominated by European nations. Although Europe had long engaged in foreign exploration and trade, the advantages of the Industrial Revolution allowed Europe to increase its influence on other continents.
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