I haven't taken any US Government courses, but with the magic power of
[tex]Googling\ It!\ ^{TM}[/tex] I looked up these cases.
Tinker v. Des Moines
Established that students' Constitutional rights hold even under school authority.
Four students who wore black armbands to school in protest of the Vietnam War were told to remove them by the schools' principals and suspended after they refused. The parents sued, it got all the way to the Supreme Court, and they ruled in favor of the Tinkers.
Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier
Holds that school publications can only be regulated with legitimate concern.
A school newspaper run in the Hazelwood School District had articles cut by the principal concerning divorce and teen pregnancy. He was concerned that the articles were inappropriate for school and that people might find out the names of those interviewed regardless of anonymity. The Supreme Court ruled in favor of Hazelwood School District.
United States v. Nixon
Ruled that the Supreme Court makes all final decisions of whether something is constitutional, and states that not even the president is above the law.
If you haven't heard of the Watergate scandal, it's basically how there was a break-in at the Democrat HQ and Republican and president Richard Nixon was found to have hidden cameras in his offices and was forced to hand over the tapes to the Supreme Court during his case.
In re Gault
Ruled that juveniles also have the right to due process after a poorly handled trial for 15-yo. Gerald Gault where he was denied a right to an attorney among other things.
Plessy v. Ferguson
After a 1/8 black man was told to board a black railroad car, he challenged the doctrine of "seperate but equal" and lost; the provision was maintained until...
Brown v. Board of Education
Overturning the Plessy v. Ferguson decision, this decision said that segregation could not be mandated by gov't because segregated schools were unequal by nature. (This did not ban segregation!)
Bush v. Gore
Though Al Gore was the popular candidate in the 2000 election, George Bush won the electoral college. Gore demanded a recount, but this was deemed unconstitutional because it wouldn't be able to meet the set deadline of December 12th.
Gideon v. Wainwright
The accused in a burglary case, Clarence Gideon, was too poor to afford an attorney to defend himself, and so he sued and the Supreme Court ruled that he must be provided counsel. Over 2000 prisoners were freed in Florida alone after this decision.
Miranda v. Arizona
Mandates officers to tell suspects of their Fifth Amendment rights. (Which are the right to remain silent and right to an attorney)
The answer to #1 is In re Gault.
The answer to #2 is Plessy v. Ferguson and Brown v. Board of Education.
The answer to #3 is Hazelwood v. Kuhlmeier.
