Base your answers to questions 31 and 32 on the
passage below and on your knowledge of social
studies.
The privilege of opening the first trial in history
for crimes against the peace of the world imposes
a grave responsibility. The wrongs which we seek
to condemn and punish have been so calculated,
so malignant, and so devastating, that civilization
cannot tolerate their being ignored, because it
cannot survive their being repeated. That four
great nations, flushed with victory and stung with
injury stay [stop] the hand of vengeance and
voluntarily submit their captive enemies to the
judgment of the law is one of the most significant
tributes that Power has ever paid to Reason.…
— Chief Prosecutor Robert H. Jackson,
November 21, 1945, Nuremberg
The wrongs referred to in this passage include
the
(1) occupation of Ethiopia by Italy
(2) invasion of Afghanistan by the Soviet Union
(3) mass murder of Jews and others in
concentration camps
(4) deaths of American soldiers during the
Bataan Death March