Describe the theoretical principles of machine learning and its role in data-driven decision-making. Machine learning encompasses concepts such as supervised learning, unsupervised learning, and reinforcement learning, enabling computers to learn from data, recognize patterns, and make predictions without explicit programming. By understanding the mathematical foundations of machine learning algorithms, engineers can develop intelligent systems for diverse applications such as image recognition, natural language processing, and autonomous control, transforming industries and society with intelligent automation and decision support.