Formation of a pneumothorax is due to:
a. damaged lung tissue causing a pain response leading to increased rate of breathing and over-inflation of the lungs
b. All of these are possible explanations for occurrence of pneumothorax
c. excessive activation of muscles for forced expiration causing decreased pressure within the pleural space allowing for the lung to collapse
d. disruption of the water surface tension between the pleural membranes allowing the elastic recoil of lung tissue and the inward pull of alveolar fluid to exert its full affect