Corporate governance failures at Volkswagen encompassed everything below except

Question 9Answer

a.
inadequate monitoring of the CEO and other senior executives


b.
a unique ownership structure where a single family, Porsche, controlled more than 50 percent of voting shares


c.
elevating management to the supervisory board even though they had presided over past scandals


d.
unwillingness of the board of directors to accept any responsibility for allowing use of "defeat devices" on at least 11 million vehicles with diesel engines


e.
a strong independent board of directors that was responsible for making independent judgments about the validity and wisdom of management's proposed strategic action