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Sagot :
To determine which among the substances [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] is a catalyst for the reaction [tex]\( A + B \rightarrow C \)[/tex], we can design the following step-by-step experiment:
### Step-by-Step Experimental Design
#### Preparation
1. Prepare Reagents:
- Ensure you have clean containers and precise measuring equipment.
- Label containers clearly for each substance: [tex]\( A \)[/tex], [tex]\( B \)[/tex], [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex].
#### Control Experiment (Without Catalyst)
2. Set Up the Control Reaction:
- Measure and add [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( B \)[/tex] into a clean reaction container.
3. Measure Reaction Time:
- Start a stopwatch as soon as both substances are mixed.
- Observe the formation of bubbles and record the exact time it takes for the reaction to complete. This time is your control time, which we already know to be [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds.
4. Record the Control Time:
- Note: [tex]\( \text{Control Time} = 20 \)[/tex] seconds
#### Testing with Substances [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]
5. Test with Substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]:
- Measure and add [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( B \)[/tex] into a clean reaction container.
- Add a small measured amount of substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] to the mixture of [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( B \)[/tex].
- Start the stopwatch as soon as the substances are mixed.
- Observe the formation of bubbles and record the exact reaction time in seconds.
6. Repeat for Substances [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]:
- Perform the exact same steps as for substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex], but this time add either substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] or [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] respectively.
- Ensure precise measurements and start the stopwatch immediately as mixing occurs.
- Record the reaction time for each test with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex].
#### Data Recording and Analysis
7. Record Reaction Times:
- Let’s denote the recorded reaction times as follows:
- [tex]\( t_X = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( t_Y = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( t_Z = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]
8. Analyze the Results:
- Compare the reaction times [tex]\( t_X \)[/tex], [tex]\( t_Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( t_Z \)[/tex] with the control time of [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds.
- The substance that significantly reduces the reaction time (compared to the control time of [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds) is identified as the catalyst.
### Expected Outcome Interpretation
- If the reaction time with substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is significantly less than [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds, then substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is likely the catalyst.
- Similarly, if the reaction time with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] or [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] is significantly less than [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds, then that substance is the catalyst.
### Summary of Key Data Points:
- Control Reaction Time: [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds
- Variable Reaction Times with Substances:
- Substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
- Substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
- Substance [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
By following this detailed experimental procedure, you will be able to identify which substance among [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] acts as a catalyst for the reaction [tex]\( A + B \rightarrow C \)[/tex].
### Step-by-Step Experimental Design
#### Preparation
1. Prepare Reagents:
- Ensure you have clean containers and precise measuring equipment.
- Label containers clearly for each substance: [tex]\( A \)[/tex], [tex]\( B \)[/tex], [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex].
#### Control Experiment (Without Catalyst)
2. Set Up the Control Reaction:
- Measure and add [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( B \)[/tex] into a clean reaction container.
3. Measure Reaction Time:
- Start a stopwatch as soon as both substances are mixed.
- Observe the formation of bubbles and record the exact time it takes for the reaction to complete. This time is your control time, which we already know to be [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds.
4. Record the Control Time:
- Note: [tex]\( \text{Control Time} = 20 \)[/tex] seconds
#### Testing with Substances [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]
5. Test with Substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]:
- Measure and add [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( 10 \, \text{mL} \)[/tex] of substance [tex]\( B \)[/tex] into a clean reaction container.
- Add a small measured amount of substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] to the mixture of [tex]\( A \)[/tex] and [tex]\( B \)[/tex].
- Start the stopwatch as soon as the substances are mixed.
- Observe the formation of bubbles and record the exact reaction time in seconds.
6. Repeat for Substances [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]:
- Perform the exact same steps as for substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex], but this time add either substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] or [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] respectively.
- Ensure precise measurements and start the stopwatch immediately as mixing occurs.
- Record the reaction time for each test with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex].
#### Data Recording and Analysis
7. Record Reaction Times:
- Let’s denote the recorded reaction times as follows:
- [tex]\( t_X = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( t_Y = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex]
- [tex]\( t_Z = \)[/tex] time in seconds with substance [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]
8. Analyze the Results:
- Compare the reaction times [tex]\( t_X \)[/tex], [tex]\( t_Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( t_Z \)[/tex] with the control time of [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds.
- The substance that significantly reduces the reaction time (compared to the control time of [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds) is identified as the catalyst.
### Expected Outcome Interpretation
- If the reaction time with substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is significantly less than [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds, then substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex] is likely the catalyst.
- Similarly, if the reaction time with substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex] or [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] is significantly less than [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds, then that substance is the catalyst.
### Summary of Key Data Points:
- Control Reaction Time: [tex]\( 20 \)[/tex] seconds
- Variable Reaction Times with Substances:
- Substance [tex]\( X \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
- Substance [tex]\( Y \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
- Substance [tex]\( Z \)[/tex]: Record in seconds
By following this detailed experimental procedure, you will be able to identify which substance among [tex]\( X \)[/tex], [tex]\( Y \)[/tex], and [tex]\( Z \)[/tex] acts as a catalyst for the reaction [tex]\( A + B \rightarrow C \)[/tex].
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