Identify the conditions for using acronyms and initialisms in academic writing according to APA (American Psychological Association) style. Select all that apply.
a. They are fewer than five letters in length
b. A writer should only use an acronym or initialism if it will appear in the text more than three times
c. They do not refer to words that are in any language other than English
d. The United States should only be abbreviated when used as an adjective
e. They do not negatively affect readers' ability to understand the text