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Sagot :
Let's solve this problem step-by-step.
### Part (a): Finding the Unit Tangent Vector [tex]\( T(t) \)[/tex] and the Unit Normal Vector [tex]\( N(t) \)[/tex]
1. Given Vector Function:
[tex]\[ r(t) = \left\langle t, t^2, 4 \right\rangle \][/tex]
2. Finding the Derivative [tex]\( r'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ r'(t) = \frac{d}{dt}\left\langle t, t^2, 4 \right\rangle = \left\langle 1, 2t, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
3. Calculating the Norm of [tex]\( r'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ \left| r'(t) \right| = \sqrt{1^2 + (2t)^2 + 0^2} = \sqrt{1 + 4t^2} \][/tex]
4. Finding the Unit Tangent Vector [tex]\( T(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ T(t) = \frac{r'(t)}{\left| r'(t) \right|} = \frac{\left\langle 1, 2t, 0 \right\rangle}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}} = \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
Therefore,
[tex]\[ T(t) = \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
5. Finding the Derivative [tex]\( T'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \frac{d}{dt} \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
After differentiation, we get:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \left\langle -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, \frac{2(1 + 4t^2) - 8t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
Simplifying:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \left\langle -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, \frac{2 - 6t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
6. Calculating the Norm of [tex]\( T'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \sqrt{\left( -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{2 - 6t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \right)^2 + 0^2} \][/tex]
Simplifying:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \sqrt{\frac{16t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^3} + \frac{(2 - 6t^2)^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^3}} \][/tex]
Further simplifying:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{16t^2 + (2 - 6t^2)^2}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{16t^2 + (4 - 24t^2 + 36t^4)}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{36t^4 - 8t^2 + 4}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
Simplifying the expression inside the square root:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{4(9t^4 - 2t^2 + 1)}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{2\sqrt{9t^4 - 2t^2 + 1}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
7. Finding the Unit Normal Vector [tex]\( N(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ N(t) = \frac{T'(t)}{\left| T'(t) \right|} \][/tex]
So,
[tex]\[ N(t) = \boxed{\text{complex expression involving the components given above}} \][/tex]
### Part (b): Using the Formula to Find the Curvature [tex]\( \kappa(t) \)[/tex]
1. Using the formula [tex]\(\kappa(t) = \frac{\left| T'(t) \right|}{\left| r'(t) \right|}\)[/tex]:
From the expressions we derived:
[tex]\[ \left| r'(t) \right| = \sqrt{1 + 4t^2} \][/tex]
and we have [tex]\(\left| T'(t) \right|\)[/tex] as a complex expression.
2. Substituting the values:
[tex]\[ \kappa(t) = \frac{\left| T'(t) \right|}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}} \][/tex]
Which results in:
[tex]\[ \boxed{\kappa(t) = \text{complex expression involving squared terms}} \][/tex]
### Part (a): Finding the Unit Tangent Vector [tex]\( T(t) \)[/tex] and the Unit Normal Vector [tex]\( N(t) \)[/tex]
1. Given Vector Function:
[tex]\[ r(t) = \left\langle t, t^2, 4 \right\rangle \][/tex]
2. Finding the Derivative [tex]\( r'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ r'(t) = \frac{d}{dt}\left\langle t, t^2, 4 \right\rangle = \left\langle 1, 2t, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
3. Calculating the Norm of [tex]\( r'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ \left| r'(t) \right| = \sqrt{1^2 + (2t)^2 + 0^2} = \sqrt{1 + 4t^2} \][/tex]
4. Finding the Unit Tangent Vector [tex]\( T(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ T(t) = \frac{r'(t)}{\left| r'(t) \right|} = \frac{\left\langle 1, 2t, 0 \right\rangle}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}} = \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
Therefore,
[tex]\[ T(t) = \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
5. Finding the Derivative [tex]\( T'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \frac{d}{dt} \left\langle \frac{1}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, \frac{2t}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
After differentiation, we get:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \left\langle -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, \frac{2(1 + 4t^2) - 8t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
Simplifying:
[tex]\[ T'(t) = \left\langle -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, \frac{2 - 6t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}}, 0 \right\rangle \][/tex]
6. Calculating the Norm of [tex]\( T'(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \sqrt{\left( -\frac{4t}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \right)^2 + \left( \frac{2 - 6t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \right)^2 + 0^2} \][/tex]
Simplifying:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \sqrt{\frac{16t^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^3} + \frac{(2 - 6t^2)^2}{(1 + 4t^2)^3}} \][/tex]
Further simplifying:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{16t^2 + (2 - 6t^2)^2}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{16t^2 + (4 - 24t^2 + 36t^4)}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{36t^4 - 8t^2 + 4}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
Simplifying the expression inside the square root:
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{\sqrt{4(9t^4 - 2t^2 + 1)}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
[tex]\[ \left| T'(t) \right| = \frac{2\sqrt{9t^4 - 2t^2 + 1}}{(1 + 4t^2)^{3/2}} \][/tex]
7. Finding the Unit Normal Vector [tex]\( N(t) \)[/tex]:
[tex]\[ N(t) = \frac{T'(t)}{\left| T'(t) \right|} \][/tex]
So,
[tex]\[ N(t) = \boxed{\text{complex expression involving the components given above}} \][/tex]
### Part (b): Using the Formula to Find the Curvature [tex]\( \kappa(t) \)[/tex]
1. Using the formula [tex]\(\kappa(t) = \frac{\left| T'(t) \right|}{\left| r'(t) \right|}\)[/tex]:
From the expressions we derived:
[tex]\[ \left| r'(t) \right| = \sqrt{1 + 4t^2} \][/tex]
and we have [tex]\(\left| T'(t) \right|\)[/tex] as a complex expression.
2. Substituting the values:
[tex]\[ \kappa(t) = \frac{\left| T'(t) \right|}{\sqrt{1 + 4t^2}} \][/tex]
Which results in:
[tex]\[ \boxed{\kappa(t) = \text{complex expression involving squared terms}} \][/tex]
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