Which of the following statements is true of learned helplessness?

a. It refers to an organism's increased frequency of a behavior when the behavior is followed by a desirable stimulus.
b. It refers to an organism's learning through experience with negative stimuli that it has no control over negative outcomes.
c. It refers to an organism's learning that it can altogether avoid a negative stimulus by making a particular response.
d. It refers to an organism's increased frequency of a behavior when the behavior is followed by the removal of something undesirable.