In contrast to government research and development, private sector R&D has:
a) more impact on productivity, since much government R&D focuses narrowly on military applications.
b) more impact on productivity, since much government R&D focuses narrowly on the service sector.
c) more impact on productivity, since much government R&D focuses narrowly on not-for-profit activities.
d) less impact on productivity, since the government is more motivated and able to hire better people and facilities.
e) less impact on productivity, since firms tend to hold back on research when results are easily copied.