Final answer:
Physiological adaptations in organisms like air-breathing vertebrates underwater and at high altitudes involve heart rate adjustments for oxygen supply.
Explanation:
Physiological adaptation involves changes in living organisms to better cope with situations or threats. For organisms like air-breathing vertebrates spending time underwater (e.g., seals, penguins), maintaining heart rate helps ensure brain and heart oxygen supply during diving. Similarly, acclimatization at high altitudes involves hyperpnea - increased breathing rate to intake more oxygen, with the heart beating faster initially.
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