A significant body of research demonstrates that particularly strict parenting is associated with children's obedience in the short term, but more negative outcomes in the long run, such as lower grades in school, rebellion, and substance use. However, these negative outcomes:
a. tend to be apparent for only a few years, by early adulthood, the children of stricter parents tend to be out-performing the children of less strict parents.
b. are only apparent in families who have experienced immigration, they do not appear among Canadian-born families.
c. are less significant among those dealing with socioeconomic disadvantages, such as Indigenous and immigrant families, than among members of the middle-class.
d. are not consistent across ethnic groups, there are some groups where strict parenting is not associated with negative child outcomes.