Answer: Succession in ecological terms refers to the process by which the structure of a biological community evolves over time. There are two main types of succession:
Primary Succession: This occurs in an environment without existing soil, such as a newly formed volcanic island or a region left bare after a glacier retreats. The process begins with the colonization of pioneer species (like lichens and mosses) that can survive in harsh conditions. These pioneers help create soil by breaking down rock and accumulating organic material, eventually leading to a more complex community of plants and animals.
Secondary Succession: This occurs in areas where a disturbance (such as a fire, flood, or human activity) has destroyed an existing community but left the soil intact. Secondary succession typically happens faster than primary succession because the soil already contains seeds, nutrients, and microorganisms. The process starts with the rapid growth of grasses and weeds, followed by shrubs, and eventually the reestablishment of a mature forest or other stable ecosystem.
Explanation: In summary, succession describes the gradual process of change and development in an ecosystem's community structure over time, starting from a disturbed or initially lifeless environment and progressing towards a stable climax community.