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Sagot :
To analyze the biodiversity of the ecosystem in the forest from the data provided, we need to calculate the species richness, species abundance, and biodiversity index. Here's how we proceed step by step:
### Step-by-Step Solution
1. Calculate Species Richness:
- Species richness is the total number of different species in the dataset.
- From the data table, we count the number of unique species.
Unique species:
1. White-tailed deer
2. Fox Squirrel
3. Rabbit
4. Eastern toad
5. Red fox
6. Towhee
7. Porcupine
8. Chipmunk
9. Skunk
10. Eastern box turtle
11. Barred Owl
12. Eastern phoebe
13. Black Bear
14. Opossum
15. Mouse
16. Cooper's Hawk
17. Raccoon
18. Cardinal
- Species Richness (S) = 18
2. Calculate Species Abundance:
- Species abundance is the total number of individuals of all species combined.
- We sum up the individual counts of all species from the table.
Individual counts:
- White-tailed deer = 14
- Fox Squirrel = 11
- Rabbit = 8
- Eastern toad = 6
- Red fox = 2
- Towhee = 1
- Porcupine = 2
- Chipmunk = 6
- Skunk = 2
- Eastern box turtle = 3
- Barred Owl = 2
- Eastern phoebe = 2
- Black Bear = 1
- Opossum = 2
- Mouse = 4
- Cooper's Hawk = 1
- Raccoon = 4
- Cardinal = 5
Adding these together:
14 + 11 + 8 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 4 + 5 = 76
- Species Abundance = 76
3. Calculate Biodiversity Index:
- The Biodiversity Index is given by the formula:
[tex]\[ \text{Biodiversity Index} = \frac{\text{Species Richness}}{\text{Species Abundance}} \][/tex]
Substituting in the values we calculated:
[tex]\[ \text{Biodiversity Index} = \frac{18}{76} \approx 0.2368 \][/tex]
### Results
- Species Richness: 18
- Species Abundance: 76
- Biodiversity Index: 0.2368
### Interpretation
- Diversity of the Ecosystem:
- The biodiversity index of approximately 0.2368 suggests a moderate level of biodiversity. The closer the index is to 1, the higher the diversity. In this case, since the value is less than 0.5, it indicates that while there is a variety of species, the overall distribution of individuals is slightly dominated by a few species (i.e., some species have much larger populations than others).
- Major Downfall of this Sample:
- One major downfall is that the sample may not be comprehensive enough. The number of individuals of each species might be skewed due to factors like the camera's placement, the time of day it was operational, or even the visibility and behavior of certain animals. Additionally, the sample size (only a single day of observation from one camera) might not capture the true representation of the ecosystem's biodiversity. Ideally, a more extended observation period with multiple devices would provide a more accurate assessment.
### Step-by-Step Solution
1. Calculate Species Richness:
- Species richness is the total number of different species in the dataset.
- From the data table, we count the number of unique species.
Unique species:
1. White-tailed deer
2. Fox Squirrel
3. Rabbit
4. Eastern toad
5. Red fox
6. Towhee
7. Porcupine
8. Chipmunk
9. Skunk
10. Eastern box turtle
11. Barred Owl
12. Eastern phoebe
13. Black Bear
14. Opossum
15. Mouse
16. Cooper's Hawk
17. Raccoon
18. Cardinal
- Species Richness (S) = 18
2. Calculate Species Abundance:
- Species abundance is the total number of individuals of all species combined.
- We sum up the individual counts of all species from the table.
Individual counts:
- White-tailed deer = 14
- Fox Squirrel = 11
- Rabbit = 8
- Eastern toad = 6
- Red fox = 2
- Towhee = 1
- Porcupine = 2
- Chipmunk = 6
- Skunk = 2
- Eastern box turtle = 3
- Barred Owl = 2
- Eastern phoebe = 2
- Black Bear = 1
- Opossum = 2
- Mouse = 4
- Cooper's Hawk = 1
- Raccoon = 4
- Cardinal = 5
Adding these together:
14 + 11 + 8 + 6 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 6 + 2 + 3 + 2 + 2 + 1 + 2 + 4 + 1 + 4 + 5 = 76
- Species Abundance = 76
3. Calculate Biodiversity Index:
- The Biodiversity Index is given by the formula:
[tex]\[ \text{Biodiversity Index} = \frac{\text{Species Richness}}{\text{Species Abundance}} \][/tex]
Substituting in the values we calculated:
[tex]\[ \text{Biodiversity Index} = \frac{18}{76} \approx 0.2368 \][/tex]
### Results
- Species Richness: 18
- Species Abundance: 76
- Biodiversity Index: 0.2368
### Interpretation
- Diversity of the Ecosystem:
- The biodiversity index of approximately 0.2368 suggests a moderate level of biodiversity. The closer the index is to 1, the higher the diversity. In this case, since the value is less than 0.5, it indicates that while there is a variety of species, the overall distribution of individuals is slightly dominated by a few species (i.e., some species have much larger populations than others).
- Major Downfall of this Sample:
- One major downfall is that the sample may not be comprehensive enough. The number of individuals of each species might be skewed due to factors like the camera's placement, the time of day it was operational, or even the visibility and behavior of certain animals. Additionally, the sample size (only a single day of observation from one camera) might not capture the true representation of the ecosystem's biodiversity. Ideally, a more extended observation period with multiple devices would provide a more accurate assessment.
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