Point 1 of the Fourteen Points addresses President Wilson's belief that all treaties between international nations should be public and fully understood by other nations. According to Colonel House, President Wilson's advisor, this did not mean that confidential negotiations could not take place. The goal was that any conclusion or decision made in these confidential discussions would not be binding unless they were presented in a formal, final contract or treaty publicly made known to the rest of the world. "Open covenants of peace, openly arrived at, after which there shall be no private international understandings of any kind but diplomacy shall proceed always frankly and in public view." Point 2 Point 2 must be considered with point 14, which addresses the creation of a "general association of nations," which became known as the League of Nations. Point 2 addresses freedom of navigation in all instances: in times of peace, in times of war when international treaties are being protected and are approved by the League of Nations, and in times of limited wars that nations enter that do not affect international treaties. "Absolute freedom of navigation upon the seas, outside territorial waters, alike in peace and in war, except as the seas may be closed in whole or in part by international action for the enforcement of international covenants." Point 3 National leaders strategically seek ways to obtain land that will increase their avenues for trade. Countries typically gain power when they have the ability to levy tariffs on goods sold internationally. Trade negotiations are bargaining tools to secure other political or economic influence. The ability to trade in the world market increases power. This proposal applied to those nations that joined the "general association of nations." It meant all previous trade agreements would be dissolved. Any tariff, special rate, or port restriction would apply to all those belonging to the League of Nations. However, a country could maintain any restrictions against a nation not in the League. "The removal, so far as possible, of all economic barriers and the establishment of an equality of trade conditions among all the nations consenting to the peace and associating themselves for its maintenance." Point 4 A disarmament proposal was included in the Fourteen Points because of the worldwide devastation World War I caused. More than 9 million soldiers and 5 million civilians in 28 countries died. Over 7 million men were permanently disabled. The costs, directly and indirectly, totaled $337 billion. Since this was the first war to use airplanes, long-range artillery, tanks, submarines, and poison gas, a disarmament plan seemed logical. Domestic safety was defined as armaments needed for law enforcement within a nation but also to protect a territory against invasion. "Adequate guarantees given and taken that national armaments will be reduced to the lowest point consistent with domestic safety." Point 5 The proposal concerning all colonial claims was only applied to the German colonies. Britain and Japan did not want to return Germany's colonies to Germany because they argued the Germans would simply rebuild them as military strongholds and continue to oppress the native people. Germany wanted its colonies to be returned, to take claim of the raw materials, and have territory to expand its population. In a related development, Britain and France took possession of much of the old Ottoman Empire, including Palestine. "A free open-minded, and absolutely impartial adjustment of all colonial claims, based upon a strict observance of the principle that in determining all such questions of sovereignty the interests of the populations concerned must have equal weight with the equitable government whose title is to be determined." Point 14 This advocated for an international organization to be established. Nations would join the association and would address issues regarding peace among nations. This came to be known as the League of Nations. "A general association of nations must be formed under specific covenants for the purpose of affording mutual guarantees of political independence and territorial integrity to great and small states alike." Question: What did these points from the Fourteen Points speech propose to do