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Sagot :
Sure, I'll guide you through drawing the electron dot structures (Lewis structures) for both methane (CH[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]) and ethene (C[tex]\(_2\)[/tex]H[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]):
### Methane (CH[tex]\(_4\)[/tex])
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons:
- Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
- Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
- Since there is one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, the total number of valence electrons is:
[tex]\[ 4 \text{ (from C)} + 4 \times 1 \text{ (from H)} = 8 \][/tex]
2. Draw the central atom and place the others around it:
- Carbon is the central atom since it can form four bonds. Place the hydrogen atoms around the carbon.
3. Distribute the valence electrons in pairs to form bonds:
- Each C-H bond will consist of a pair of electrons.
- Carbon will be bonded to each hydrogen with a single bond (a sharing of 2 electrons).
4. Complete the structure ensuring all atoms satisfy the octet rule (or duet for hydrogen):
- Carbon will have 8 electrons around it (4 bonds × 2 electrons/bond).
- Each hydrogen will have 2 electrons (1 bond × 2 electrons/bond).
The electron dot structure for methane (CH[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]) is:
```
H
|
H–C–H
|
H
```
(Lewis structure: H: C :H with two pairs of dots between C and each H representing shared electrons.)
### Ethene (C[tex]\(_2\)[/tex]H[tex]\(_4\)[/tex])
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons:
- Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
- Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
- Since there are two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms, the total number of valence electrons is:
[tex]\[ 2 \times 4 \text{ (from C)} + 4 \times 1 \text{ (from H)} = 12 \][/tex]
2. Draw the central atom and place the others around it:
- Place the two carbon atoms side by side.
- Place the hydrogen atoms around the carbon atoms.
3. Distribute the valence electrons in pairs to form bonds:
- Each C-C bond typically consists of a single bond initially.
- Each C-H bond will consist of a pair of electrons.
- Since carbon can form 4 bonds, there will be a double bond between the carbon atoms to satisfy the 8-electron rule for each carbon.
4. Complete the structure ensuring all atoms satisfy the octet rule (or duet for hydrogen):
- Each carbon will have 4 bonds (2 single bonds with H and a double bond with another C).
- Each hydrogen will have 1 bond.
The electron dot structure for ethene (C[tex]\(_2\)[/tex]H[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]) is:
```
H H
\ /
C=C
/ \
H H
```
(Lewis structure: H: C :: C :H with one pair of dots (single bond) between C and each H, and 2 pairs of dots (double bond) between the two carbons representing shared electrons.)
These structures provide a visual representation of the bonding and electron distributions in the methane and ethene molecules.
### Methane (CH[tex]\(_4\)[/tex])
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons:
- Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
- Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
- Since there is one carbon atom and four hydrogen atoms, the total number of valence electrons is:
[tex]\[ 4 \text{ (from C)} + 4 \times 1 \text{ (from H)} = 8 \][/tex]
2. Draw the central atom and place the others around it:
- Carbon is the central atom since it can form four bonds. Place the hydrogen atoms around the carbon.
3. Distribute the valence electrons in pairs to form bonds:
- Each C-H bond will consist of a pair of electrons.
- Carbon will be bonded to each hydrogen with a single bond (a sharing of 2 electrons).
4. Complete the structure ensuring all atoms satisfy the octet rule (or duet for hydrogen):
- Carbon will have 8 electrons around it (4 bonds × 2 electrons/bond).
- Each hydrogen will have 2 electrons (1 bond × 2 electrons/bond).
The electron dot structure for methane (CH[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]) is:
```
H
|
H–C–H
|
H
```
(Lewis structure: H: C :H with two pairs of dots between C and each H representing shared electrons.)
### Ethene (C[tex]\(_2\)[/tex]H[tex]\(_4\)[/tex])
1. Determine the total number of valence electrons:
- Carbon (C) has 4 valence electrons.
- Hydrogen (H) has 1 valence electron.
- Since there are two carbon atoms and four hydrogen atoms, the total number of valence electrons is:
[tex]\[ 2 \times 4 \text{ (from C)} + 4 \times 1 \text{ (from H)} = 12 \][/tex]
2. Draw the central atom and place the others around it:
- Place the two carbon atoms side by side.
- Place the hydrogen atoms around the carbon atoms.
3. Distribute the valence electrons in pairs to form bonds:
- Each C-C bond typically consists of a single bond initially.
- Each C-H bond will consist of a pair of electrons.
- Since carbon can form 4 bonds, there will be a double bond between the carbon atoms to satisfy the 8-electron rule for each carbon.
4. Complete the structure ensuring all atoms satisfy the octet rule (or duet for hydrogen):
- Each carbon will have 4 bonds (2 single bonds with H and a double bond with another C).
- Each hydrogen will have 1 bond.
The electron dot structure for ethene (C[tex]\(_2\)[/tex]H[tex]\(_4\)[/tex]) is:
```
H H
\ /
C=C
/ \
H H
```
(Lewis structure: H: C :: C :H with one pair of dots (single bond) between C and each H, and 2 pairs of dots (double bond) between the two carbons representing shared electrons.)
These structures provide a visual representation of the bonding and electron distributions in the methane and ethene molecules.
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