Hypercalcemia can lead to muscle irritability, aldosterone overproduction, and cardiac muscle hyperactivity.
Hypercalcemia leads to a variety of symptoms and complications, including irritability of muscles causing tetany, as well as an overproduction of aldosterone. In severe cases, it can result in hyperactivity of the cardiac muscle, which can impair cardiac function.
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Answer:
Option A, hyperactivity of the cardiac muscle
Explanation:
Hypercalcemia is the condition in which the calcium levels within the bloodstream are abnormally high. This is problematic because the calcium is an essential mineral of not only the skeletal system but also the muscles that surround them; it is also integral in the maintenance of normal cardiovascular function. The influx of calcium into muscle cells contributes to the electrical activity responsible for signaling muscles to contract, including the cardiac muscle within the heart.
Increased levels of calcium can translate to increased signaling of the heart to contract. This means the heart will contract must faster than it should, and at abnormal rhythms compared to one's baseline. Respectively, these conditions are called tachycardia and arrhythmia.
In short, hypercalcemia can lead to hyperactivity of the cardiac muscle, option A.
Why Not Other Answers:
Tetany, involuntary muscle contractions, is caused by calcium deficiency as the muscle irritably spasms due to increased neuronal permeability leading to more action potentials. Low calcium levels is known as hypocalcemia.
Overproduction of aldosterone can increase the retention of water and sodium while promoting the excretion of calcium and other minerals and electrolytes (e.g. magnesium, potassium). This would lead to hypocalcemia once more.
Lastly premature sexual development, known as precocious puberty, is not believed to be caused by or linked to calcium at all, rather attributing such development to gonadotropin-releasing hormone, luteinizing hormone, and follicle-stimulating hormone.
