Final answer:
The challenges for political leadership in Melanesian societies involve conflict management, ineffective state institutions, and balancing traditional and modern society.
Explanation:
Major challenges facing political leadership in Melanesian societies today compared to the pre-contact period:
- Conflict Management: Dealing with endemic violence impeding progress.
- Ineffective State Institutions: Formal state institutions have deficiencies affecting governance.
- Customary vs. Modern Society: Balancing traditional ways with the demands of modern society in the era of globalization.
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