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Sagot :
Sure, let's break down each part of the question and address them in detail.
### 1. IUPAC Nomenclature
Since no specific molecules are provided for this part, I'll provide a general guide to IUPAC naming conventions.
#### a., b., and c.
To name organic compounds using IUPAC conventions, follow these steps:
1. Find the longest carbon chain in the molecule, which serves as the parent hydrocarbon.
2. Identify the substituents attached to this carbon chain.
3. Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearest to the substituents.
4. Assign a number to each substituent according to its position on the chain.
5. Combine the substituents and parent name into one word, with substituents listed in alphabetical order and their positions indicated by numbers.
For instance,
- For a simple alkane, like hexane (a 6-carbon chain), the IUPAC name remains hexane if there are no other substituents.
- For a branched molecule, like 2-methylpentane (a 5-carbon chain with a methyl group on the second carbon), the IUPAC name reflects both the parent chain and the substituents.
### 2. Condensed Structural Formulas
When propanoic acid reacts with:
#### a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Propanoic acid neutralizes NaOH to form sodium propionate and water. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COONa} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formula of sodium propionate is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COONa} \][/tex]
#### b. [tex]\(CH_3OH\)[/tex] (Methanol)
Propanoic acid reacts with methanol in an esterification reaction to form methyl propionate and water. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOCH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formula of methyl propionate is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOCH}_3 \][/tex]
#### c. [tex]\(H_2O\)[/tex] (Water)
Propanoic acid dissolves in water yet does not undergo a chemical transformation other than ionization to some extent (as an aqueous solution it partially ionizes):
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COO}^- + \text{H}^+ \][/tex]
This does not form a new condensed structural formula but indicates the presence of propanoate ions in the solution.
### 3. Reactions of Ethyl Ethanoate
When ethyl ethanoate reacts with:
#### a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Ethyl ethanoate undergoes a saponification reaction to form sodium acetate and ethanol. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COONa} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formulas are:
- Sodium acetate: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{COONa}\)[/tex]
- Ethanol: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH}\)[/tex]
#### b. [tex]\(H_2O\)[/tex] and HCl
Ethyl ethanoate can hydrolyze in an acidic medium to form ethanoic acid and ethanol. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \][/tex]
In the presence of HCl (which acts as a catalyst), the reaction proceeds faster.
The condensed structural formulas are:
- Ethanoic acid: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}\)[/tex]
- Ethanol: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH}\)[/tex]
In summary, these reactions demonstrate standard organic reactions involving propanoic acid and ethyl ethanoate with common reagents, resulting in specific organic products.
### 1. IUPAC Nomenclature
Since no specific molecules are provided for this part, I'll provide a general guide to IUPAC naming conventions.
#### a., b., and c.
To name organic compounds using IUPAC conventions, follow these steps:
1. Find the longest carbon chain in the molecule, which serves as the parent hydrocarbon.
2. Identify the substituents attached to this carbon chain.
3. Number the carbon chain starting from the end nearest to the substituents.
4. Assign a number to each substituent according to its position on the chain.
5. Combine the substituents and parent name into one word, with substituents listed in alphabetical order and their positions indicated by numbers.
For instance,
- For a simple alkane, like hexane (a 6-carbon chain), the IUPAC name remains hexane if there are no other substituents.
- For a branched molecule, like 2-methylpentane (a 5-carbon chain with a methyl group on the second carbon), the IUPAC name reflects both the parent chain and the substituents.
### 2. Condensed Structural Formulas
When propanoic acid reacts with:
#### a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Propanoic acid neutralizes NaOH to form sodium propionate and water. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COONa} + \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formula of sodium propionate is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COONa} \][/tex]
#### b. [tex]\(CH_3OH\)[/tex] (Methanol)
Propanoic acid reacts with methanol in an esterification reaction to form methyl propionate and water. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{OH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOCH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formula of methyl propionate is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOCH}_3 \][/tex]
#### c. [tex]\(H_2O\)[/tex] (Water)
Propanoic acid dissolves in water yet does not undergo a chemical transformation other than ionization to some extent (as an aqueous solution it partially ionizes):
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{COO}^- + \text{H}^+ \][/tex]
This does not form a new condensed structural formula but indicates the presence of propanoate ions in the solution.
### 3. Reactions of Ethyl Ethanoate
When ethyl ethanoate reacts with:
#### a. NaOH (Sodium Hydroxide)
Ethyl ethanoate undergoes a saponification reaction to form sodium acetate and ethanol. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{NaOH} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COONa} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \][/tex]
The condensed structural formulas are:
- Sodium acetate: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{COONa}\)[/tex]
- Ethanol: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH}\)[/tex]
#### b. [tex]\(H_2O\)[/tex] and HCl
Ethyl ethanoate can hydrolyze in an acidic medium to form ethanoic acid and ethanol. The reaction is:
[tex]\[ \text{CH}_3\text{COOCH}_2\text{CH}_3 + \text{H}_2\text{O} \rightarrow \text{CH}_3\text{COOH} + \text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH} \][/tex]
In the presence of HCl (which acts as a catalyst), the reaction proceeds faster.
The condensed structural formulas are:
- Ethanoic acid: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{COOH}\)[/tex]
- Ethanol: [tex]\(\text{CH}_3\text{CH}_2\text{OH}\)[/tex]
In summary, these reactions demonstrate standard organic reactions involving propanoic acid and ethyl ethanoate with common reagents, resulting in specific organic products.
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