A 69-year-old patient presented to the emergency department for fatigue and shortness of breath. The patient is found to have an elevated blood urea nitrogen and creatinine and low bicarbonate on initial labs. Urinalysis is positive for 3+ protein. Renal ultrasound imaging reveals heavy glomerular edema, fibrosis, and thrombosis. The patient is diagnosed with glomerulonephritis.The clinical manifestations of glomerulonephritis can be attributed to:
A) Loss of heparin sulfate proteoglycans over glomerular cells.
B) Inflammation of the glomerulus.
C) Loss of the glomerular cell membranes negative charge.
D) All of the above.