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Sagot :
Ruminal bacteria degrade (completely or partially) the protein in the meal. To varying degrees, microbes break down plant proteins and utilise the resultant ammonia to create microbial proteins. The kind and solubility of the protein affect the degree of protein breakdown. There are benefits and drawbacks to this process of degradation and resynthesis. There is a chance that some high-quality proteins will breakdown, lowering the amount of important amino acids that are available to the animal.
On the other hand, during digestions, very poor quality plant proteins might be upgraded to a better quality microbial protein. Microbial protein and plant proteins that were not broken down in the rumen are transferred to the lower tract. Both plant and microbial protein are digested by digestive enzymes released in the abomasum into their individual amino acids, which are then absorbed from the small intestine. Plant nitrogen can be replaced with nitrogen. The non-protein nitrogen can be used by rumen microorganisms. The synthesis of microbial protein by rumen microorganisms can utilize non-protein nitrogen.
Rumen microbes also break down the diet's carbohydrates. The byproducts of this process include volatile fatty acids and gases (methane and carbon dioxide). Rumen bacteria' generated volatile fatty acids are absorbed.
Chewing breaks down the food into tiny pieces in the mouth. Before food travels down the esophagus and into the reticulo-rumen, it is combined with digestive enzymes in saliva. Small amounts of the feed may pass through the rumen unmodified into the omasum and abomausm, despite the fact that the majority of it is fermented. Larger food pieces may be regurgitated, chewed once more, and then reabsorbed. Because cattle do not initially chew their food as much as monogastrics do, this "chewing of the cud" is crucial.
These sugars are used by the bacteria as a source of energy for their own growth and to produce byproducts that the cow consumes. Acetate, propionate, and butyrate, are the primary volatile fatty acids and carbon dioxide and methane are the gases produced as a result of the microbial fermentation of carbohydrates.
Ruminant digestion maximizes the usage of rumen microbial fermentation products. Because of this adaptation, ruminants may make use of resources (such high-fiber fodder) that are inaccessible to or unavailable to other animals. Ruminants are in the rare position of being able to use resources that humans do not need but which still give humans a crucial source of sustenance. Additionally, ruminants are helpful in producing additional goods for human consumption including skins, fertilizer, and other inedible items from enormous renewable resources found in pasture.
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